Introduction: Data communication: Components, Data representation, Data flow, Networks: Network criteria, Physical Structures, Network types: LAN, WAN, Switching, The Internet.. Network Models: TCP/IP Protocol Suite: Layered Architecture, Layers in TCP/IP suite, Description of layers, Encapsulation and Decapsulation, Addressing, Multiplexing and Demultiplexing, The OSI Model: OSI Versus TCP/IP. Data-Link Layer: Introduction: Nodes and Links, Services, Two Categories’ of link, Sublayers, Link Layer addressing: Types of addresses, ARP

Data Link Control (DLC) services: Framing, Flow and Error Control. Media Access Control: Random Access: ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA. Connecting Devices: Hubs, Switches, Virtual LANs: Membership, Configuration, Communication between Switches, Advantages. Wired and Wireless LANs: Ethernet Protocol, Standard Ethernet. Introduction to wireless LAN: Architectural Comparison, Characteristics, Access Control.

Network Layer: Introduction, Network Layer services: Packetizing, Routing and Forwarding, Other services, Packet Switching: Datagram Approach, Virtual Circuit Approach, IPV4 Addresses: Address Space, Classful Addressing, Classless Addressing, DHCP, Network Address Resolution Network Layer Protocols: Internet Protocol (IP): Datagram Format, Fragmentation, Options, Security of IPv4 Datagrams. IPv6 addressing and Protocol. Unicast Routing: Introduction, Routing Algorithms: Distance Vector Routing, Link State Routing, Path vector routing.

Transport Layer: Introduction: Transport Layer Services, Connectionless and Connection oriented Protocols, Transport Layer Protocols: Simple protocol, Stop and wait protocol, GoBackN Protocol, Selective repeat protocol, Piggybacking Transport-Layer Protocols in the Internet: User Datagram Protocol: User Datagram, UDP Services, UDP Applications, Transmission Control Protocol: TCP Services, TCP Features, Segment, Connection, State Transition diagram, Windows in TCP, Error control, TCP congestion control.

Application Layer: Introduction: providing services, Application- layer paradigms, Standard Client Server Protocols: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, FTP: Two connections, Control Connection, Data Connection, Electronic Mail: Architecture, Domain Name system: Name space, DNS in internet, Resolution, DNS Messages, Registrars, DDNS, security of DNS. Quality of Service.