Sensors and Transducers: Introduction, Definition of Sensors and Transducers, Classification of Transducers, Advantages and Disadvantages of Electrical Transducers.

Measurement: Introduction to measurement and Instrumentation, Definition, significance of Measurement, Methods of measurement, Modes of measurement, Elements of generalized measurement system with example. Input-output configuration of measuring instruments and measurement systems, Applications of measurement systems.

Static and Dynamic Characteristics of instruments: Introduction, Definition relating to measuring instruments.

Static characteristics – Accuracy, Errors and Correction, Static calibration Range and span. Scale readability Repeatability and Reproducibility, Drift, Accuracy and Precision, Sensitivity, Linearity, Hysteresis, Threshold and Resolution, Dead Zone and Dead Time, Loading Effects and Noise.

Dynamic Characteristics– Dynamic Response, Dynamic characteristics of a measurement system, Dynamic analysis of a measurement system, Zero, First and Second order system

Measurement of Temperature: Introduction, Temperature measuring instruments, RTD, Thermistors, Thermocouple Thermometers, Radiation Pyrometers, Optical Pyrometers.

Measurement of Displacement: Introduction, Principles of Transduction –Variable resistance devices, Variable Inductance Transducer, Induction Potentiometers, Synchros and Resolvers, Variable Capacitance Transducer, Hall Effect Devices, Proximity Devices, Digital Transducer.

Measurement of Strain: Introduction, Factors affecting strain measurements, Types of Strain Gauges, Theory of operation of resistance strain gauges, Types of Electrical Strain Gauges –Wire gauges, unbounded strain gauges, foil gauges, semiconductor strain gauges, Thin film Guages (principle, types & list of characteristics only), Strain gauge Circuits – Wheatstone bride circuit, Applications.

Measurement of Force & Torque: Introduction, Force measuring sensor –Load cells – column types devices, proving rings, cantilever beam, pressductor. Hydraulic load cell, electronic weighing system.

Torque measurement: Absorption type, transmission type, stress type & deflection type

Signal Condition: Introduction, Functions of Signal Conditioning Equipment, Amplification, Types of Amplifiers, Mechanical Amplifiers Fluid Amplifiers, Optical Amplifiers, Electrical and electronic Amplifiers.

Data Acquisition Systems and Conversion: Introduction, Objectives and Configuration of Data Acquisition System, Data Acquisition Systems, Data Conversion.