Introduction to Power System Protection: Need for protective schemes, Nature and Cause of Faults, Types of Fault, Effects of Faults, Fault Statistics, Zones of Protection, Primary and Backup Protection, Essential Qualities of Protection, Performance of Protective Relaying, Classification of Protective Relays, Automatic Reclosing, Current Transformers for protection, Voltage Transformers for Protection.

Relay Construction and Operating Principles: Introduction, Electromechanical Relays, Static Relays – Merits and Demerits of Static Relays, Numerical Relays, Comparison between Electromechanical Relays and Numerical Relays.

Overcurrent Protection Introduction, Time – current Characteristics, Current Setting, Time Setting. Overcurrent Protective Schemes, Reverse Power or Directional Relay, Protection of Parallel Feeders, Protection of Ring Mains, Earth Fault and Phase Fault Protection, Combined Earth Fault and Phase Fault Protective Scheme, Phase Fault Protective Scheme, Directional Earth Fault Relay, Static Overcurrent Relays, Numerical Overcurrent Relays.

Microprocessor -based Protective Relays: Introduction, Overcurrent relays, Impedance relay.

Pilot Relaying Schemes: Introduction, Wire Pilot Protection, Carrier Current Protection.

Differential Protection: Introduction, Differential Relays, Simple Differential Protection, Percentage or Biased Differential Relay, Differential Protection of 3 Phase Circuits, Balanced (Opposed) Voltage Differential Protection.

Rotating Machines Protection: Introduction, Protection of Generators.

Transformer and Bus zone Protection: Introduction, Transformer Protection, Bus zone Protection, Frame Leakage Protection

Circuit Breakers: Introduction, Fault Clearing Time of a Circuit Breaker, Arc Voltage, Arc Interruption, Restriking Voltage and Recovery Voltage, Current Chopping, Interruption of Capacitive Current, Classification of Circuit Breakers, Air – Break Circuit Breakers, Oil Circuit Breakers, Air – Blast Circuit Breakers, SF6 Circuit Breakers, Vacuum Circuit Breakers, High Voltage Direct Current Circuit Breakers, Rating of Circuit Breakers, Testing of Circuit Breakers.

Fuses: Introductions, Definitions, Fuse Characteristics, Types of Fuses, Applications of HRC Fuses, Selection of Fuses, Discrimination.

Protection against Over voltages: Causes of Overvoltages, Lightning phenomena, Wave Shape of Voltage due to Lightning, Over Voltage due to Lightning, Klydonograph and Magnetic Link, Protection of Transmission Lines against Direct Lightning Strokes, Protection of Stations and Sub – Stations from Direct Strokes, Protection against Travelling Waves, Insulation Coordination, Basic Impulse Insulation Level (BIL).

Modern Trends in Power System Protection: Introduction, gas insulated substation/switchgear (GIS).