Random Variables and Processes: Introduction, Probability, Conditional Probability, Random variables. Statistical Averages: Function of a random variable, Moments, Random Processes, Mean, Correlation and Covariance function: Properties of autocorrelation function, Cross–correlation functions, Gaussian Process: Gaussian Distribution Function.

Amplitude Modulation Fundamentals: AM Concepts, Modulation index and Percentage of Modulation, Sidebands and the frequency domain, AM Power, Single Sideband Modulation.

AM Circuits: Amplitude Modulators: Diode Modulator, Transistor Modulator, collector Modulator. Amplitude Demodulators: Diode Detector, Balanced Modulators: Lattice Modulators.

Frequency Division Multiplexing: Transmitter-Multiplexer, Receiver-Demultiplexer.

Fundamentals of Frequency Modulation: Basic Principles of Frequency Modulation, Principles of Phase Modulation, Modulation index and sidebands, Noise Suppression Effects of FM, Frequency Modulation versus Amplitude Modulation.

FM Circuits: Frequency Modulators: Voltage Controlled Oscillators. , Frequency Demodulators: Slope Detectors, Phase Locked Loops.

Communication Receiver: Super heterodyne receiver, Frequency Conversion: Mixing Principles, JFET Mixer

Digital Representation of Analog Signals: Introduction, Why Digitize Analog Sources?, The Sampling process, Pulse Amplitude Modulation, Time-Division Multiplexing, Pulse Position Modulation: Generation and Detection of PPM wave. The Quantization Process. Pulse Code Modulation: Sampling, Quantization, Encoding, line Codes, Differential encoding, Regeneration, Decoding, filtering, multiplexing.

Baseband Transmission of Digital signals: Introduction, Intersymbol Interference, Eye Pattern, Nyquist criterion for distortionless Transmission, Baseband M-ary PAM Transmission.

Noise: Signal to Noise Ratio, External Noise, Internal Noise, Semiconductor Noise, Expressing Noise Levels, Noise in Cascade Stages.