Single phase Transformers: Necessity of transformer, principle of operation, Types and construction, EMF equation, equivalent circuit, Operation of practical transformer under no-load and on-load with phasor diagrams. Losses and methods of reducing losses, efficiency and condition for maximum efficiency. Polarity test, Sumpner’s test. Open circuit and Short circuit tests, calculation of equivalent circuit parameters. Predetermination of efficiency, voltage regulation and its significance. Numerical.

Three-phase Transformers: Introduction, Constructional features of three-phase transformers. Transformer connection for three phase operation- star/star, delta/delta and star/delta, comparative features. Labelling of three-phase transformer terminals. Parallel Operation of Transformers: Necessity of Parallel operation, conditions for parallel operation- Single phase and three phase. Load sharing in case of similar and dissimilar transformers. Numerical. Auto transformers and Tap changing transformers: Introduction to autotransformer-copper economy, equivalent circuit, no load and on load tap changing transformers. Numerical.

Synchronous Generators: Construction, working, Armature windings, winding factors, EMF equation. Harmonics-causes, reduction and elimination. Armature reaction, Synchronous reactance, Equivalent circuit. Synchronous Generators Analysis: Open circuit and short circuit characteristics, Assessment of reactance-short circuit ratio, Alternator on load. Voltage regulation. Voltage regulation by EMF and MMF methods. Excitation control for constant terminal voltage. Numerical.

Synchronous Generators (Salient Pole): Effects of saliency, two-reaction theory, Parallel operation of generators and load sharing. Methods of Synchronization, Synchronizing power. Performance of Synchronous Generators: Power angle characteristic (salient and non salient pole), power angle diagram, reluctance power, Capability curve for large turbo generators. Hunting and damper windings. Numerical.

Wind power Generator -Basic components of wind energy conversion system, types of wind generators- Horizontal and vertical axis. Advantages and disadvantages of WECS. Solar power generator principle of solar cell, Basic Solar Photo voltaic, system for power generation, Advantages and disadvantages.